Theory of Justice

According to the legal dictionary (2010) the definition is fairness, moral eighteens, a system of law in which every person receives their due from the system including all rights. † Justice is comprised of our needs, fair share, fair play, standing and trust. Cicero once SAA â€Å"the Foundation of Justice is good faith† The main theory of justice Is that It is designed to be fair and an Impartial point of view that has been adopted Into our reasoning. Basically, the theory of justice guides us to look and study the writings from philosophers like Rails, Locke, and Hobbes.Locker's view on justice was based on the social contract theory. This belief is that free people need to Greer on some ground rules in order to live together. There are also specific theories dependent on the type of Justice. There is the principle that pertains to a distributive style of Justice which basically determines Justice as to what is the fair share. Then there Is restorative Justice. Restor ative Justice Is how we react to an activity that violates what society deems fair play. The principles of Justice need to be fair to those involved and need to be consistent.This of course is barring any extenuating circumstances and if these circumstances exist there needs to be a vital difference so o other solution can be applied. â€Å"Perfect wisdom has four parts, biz. , wisdom, the principle of doing things aright; Justice, the principle of doing things equally in public and private; fortitude, the principle of not flying danger, but meeting it; and temperance, the principle of subduing desires and living moderately (Plato). † Utilitarianism In order to understand how the principles of justice and how they differ from utilitarianism we need to know what utilitarianism is.Utilitarianism is the belief that the morally right choice is the only way to cause the most good. The utilitarianism belief may produce good but it also may trample the rights of the individuals. So the saying goes the good of the many outweigh the few or the one. So I would have to say that the mall difference between justice and utilitarianism as we know It would be society has laws that pertain to everyone equally. Utilitarianism has two forms also. Act utilitarianism is defined as a person doing something that will benefit many but they do it without regards to their personal feelings or laws that society has made.Rule Utilitarianism is solely based on the idea hat provides the best outcome. According to Banks (2009) â€Å"a utilitarian approach to public policy would require that government officials base their actions and programs on ten most accurate Ana telltale International AT particular classmates and of the likely results of the alternatives and options available to them† (Banks 2009). Justice Defined As stated above the definition of Justice would be a system of law in which every person receives their due from the system including all rights.However if you asked someone in a criminal Justice agency they most likely would say that it is a system hat consists of the police, the courts and the correctional facilities. They would also say that Justice is what is received for committing a wrong. Today people see Justice as the item that is given out for breaking the law. Security I would have to say the difference between Justice and security is Justice is the system and security is a tool. Security is defined as the freedom from danger or risk. I view security as part of the system. This is because security is becoming more a part of the criminal Justice system.

Chile’s economy Essay

According to the CIA world fact book, Chile is located in the southern part of South America and it borders the South Pacific Ocean. It is endowed with natural resources like copper, iron ore, timber as well as precious metals. A brief history of Chile’s people in terms of their literacy levels and demographics is vital in as far as understanding any economy is concerned. Chile’s population as at July 2008 stood at 16 454 143 with the highest proportion in terms of age structure being from the 15-64 years category, the dependent age group 0-14 account for 23. 6% and those aged 65 and above account for 8. 8%. This is a plus to her economic growth as a large proportion is comprised of energetic or productive people. The population growth rate according to CIA estimates was 0. 905% while the death rate and birth rate were 14. 82 birth/1000 and 5. 77 deaths/1000 population respectively. (CIA, 2008). Chile records a very high literacy level at 95. 7% for the total population with makes recording a slightly higher rate by 0. 2% CIA further noted that Chile’s government spent approximately 3. 2% of the country’s GDP on education in 2006. This paper focuses on Chile’s economy; of much importance will be the economic reforms that took place, as well as trade and its effects on her economic progress. In his distinguished book ‘Economic reforms in Chile’, Ricardo noted that since her independence Chile remained stable politically as well as economically thus being the envied state in the Latin America. Chile survived the constant extent shocks or forces beyond her control and modernized her institutions while ensuring increased economic progress. Inequalities in incomes were visible as early as 1970’s as the emerging middle class that lived in the urban areas grew. (Ffrench-Davis R, 2002). The inequalities in income distribution precipitated the increased political developments to rectify the situation to an extent that the political development did not match the economic progress. Effros in ‘Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks’ noted that Chile’s economic reforms started as early as the 1970s and before this period the state owned companies had a significant role in the countries economic growth. (Effros R, 1995). Before the World War 1 erupted Chile was recording a positive and diversified economic growth and the economic elite influenced the consumption trends. The growth was blamed on trade where exports were quite significant and so were the spill over effects on the economy. Before the direct depression hit Chile’s economy was among the most developed within the Latin America region in terms of per capita income and social transformation. Some people argue that Chile was among the most adversely hit countries by the great depression as when the thriving trade declined her terms of trade remained low up to the 1960’s. (Ffrench-Davis R, 2002). An industrial expansion in the early 50’s revived the country’s economic growth. The adverse effects of the Great depression especially on the trade sector were minimized by the economic policies put in place by the government. During the era of President Alessandri Palma a conservatist, fiscal measures as well as trade controls were put in place to counter the effects of a recession. There was need to develop new industries especially on the critical sectors like electric power and fuel as well as the human capital. During this period there was a general consensus that the state would effectively ensure that the situation was rectified. Problems experienced during this time included the stagnation of the agricultural sector and the unbalanced emphasis on imports substitution was to blame for the prevailing balance of payment. In the 1950’s there was a significant inflation rate precipitating the need for economic reforms. The Carlos Ibanez, government lost its popularity due to the prevailing economic conditions that people protested in the streets. (Ffrench-Davis R, 2002).

Impact Of Globalisation On Biodiversity Environmental Sciences Essay

Biodiversity is the diversity in the different assortments of vegetations and zoologies in a peculiar home ground. It comprises of the entirety of cistrons, species and ecosystems in a specific topographic point. It serves as a beginning of aesthetic and economic value, is used as nutrient and related points, provides scientific information and replaces technology solutions such as inundation control and H2O pollution suspension. Bio profusion therefore is rated of higher penchant to stand as a major factor for the future economic growing and thereby the overall sustainable development. Globalization is the construct where people, states, engineerings, concerns and webs are interconnected and mutualist politically, economically and socially unhampered by different clip zones doing the whole universe as a incorporate Earth. It helps in the addition of transit and communicating webs and allows cross boundary line trade and resource motions. The international concern activities and transverse national pacts and understandings are done with much easiness. The inquiry put frontward was whether globalization is a cause for the loss of biodiversity. The impression of globalizing the universe comprises of upgrading and furthering of all the sectors and domains of economic system. Peoples started basking the epicurean life styles and became attached to deluxe stuffs and pull pleasance out of it. This drastically depleted the natural resources and their comprehensiveness. Since bio diverseness is the cardinal factor comprising of both the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment, the loss of its impressiveness will drastically impact the present gait and thereby indirectly strike hard on the future coevalss to follow. STANDPOINT PROPOSITION The failure to proper recycling, inefficiency in the procedure of Restoration of the close nonextant assortments by newer birthrate techniques, over development of fossil fuels and tremendous population growing have lead to serious problems. Measures must be taken to seek for the best genteelness evidences and place home grounds that would rejuvenate the endangered species. Ethical values and morale of people must be exploited for the protection of the nonextant vegetations and zoologies. The buffer zones must be encouraged to be set up for making infinite between human intercession and original wild homes. All the intergovernmental administrations and related establishments must come together to organize and take part in meetings and seminars yearly or semi-annually to explicate programs and implement schemes to avoid the concealed catastrophes that could originate from the progressing loss of biodiversity and the rare species. The value of ecosystem balance and a sustainable economic system must be indispensable for a stable economic system. Thus a good attempt must be taken to uplift biodiversity as it contributes to both useful and non useful evidences. I take a mediocre base in the saving of bio diverseness along with globalizing the universe pull outing common benefits from both and lending to a better economic system. Thus a universe would be possible basking the facets of planetary benefits and every bit valuing the bio assets.EssayThe term ‘Globalisation ‘ creates a large difference in the full facet of revolutionizing an economic system. It would bring forth a new universe where people would hold upon common evidences and come into harmoniousness to cover with originating struggles and differences with easiness. It would do the dream of uniting the Earth with a individual civilization, heritage, human rights and criterions come true. The economic systems will unify together for a common end, intent and purpose to separately lend to the overall general development of the communities. The people would come into the point of giving their best by going reciprocally accountable for each other and developing complimentar y accomplishments. Effective engagement and shared leading will be displayed by each and every one being to do their portion go clear and true. There would be right usage of power and its execution by the right set of people at the right juncture. Globalisation would do the engineering to progress and turn in right proportions to all the sectors and countries in equalised sums and contribute for the well being of its beginning. The cognitive, affectional and behavioral forms of economic systems will be furnished to lend more and more to the well being of the states together as a individual unit with defined rules and etiquettes. The basic demands of self realization demands, security concerns, sociableness factors, position and self-respect counts and general morale of the future coevalss will be revised and viewed upon in a different and broader position. The cross boundary line issues and interstate affairs will be held with concerns and peace pacts and dialogues would harmonize different settlements and related districts. Surely globalizing the universe is one of the most of import factors required for instilling a necessary alteration to the economic system. Biodiversity on the other manus is one of the cardinal factors consisting the Earth to its entireness. It is the entirety of cistrons, species and ecosystems together lending to the biotic and abiotic factors of the planet. The profusion of vegetations and fauna constitutes the green factor and spreads the value of aesthetic beauty. It is the basic edifice block of the Earth and is the anchor component giving infinite for future growing and flourishing of newer strains and assortments of species. Since globalization struck the caputs of people, so did happen the extra loss of biodiversity. Peoples began to bask the gustatory sensation of comfort and foolish luxury. The age of Americanisation, Mc donalisation and computerisation paved manner to more and more relaxed methods of life and effortless entree to stuffs. It generated a tract to ready and immediate entr & A ; eacute ; vitamin E to the geting of the demands and wants of greedy psyches. The corporate universe and related establishments began to work the economic system under the name of globalization. Newer coevalss demanded latest and advanced appliances to run into the competence degrees and to fulfill the demands of emerging markets and labour forces. Nanotechnology, biotechnology, biomedical technology, astronauticss, geospatial engineering, genetic sciences, fittingness and holistic nursing, exigency and catastrophe direction schemes, computing machine forensics, robotics and Fieldss like unreal intelligence have c reated a yet different position in the whole life criterions. The strength, enormousness and leaning of interconnection made possible through globalization therefore produced a immense impact on the present being of people. Huge countries got cleared by extra sums of deforestation and replacing of the infinite with new buildings and edifices. The bar factors were suggested by seting speedy turning trees in the topographic point of the cut trees. But speedy turning trees demanded equal measures of excess H2O which was impossible to be provided in such high proportions. The typical illustration was of eucalyptus trees that required tremendous gallons of H2O beginnings for its growing. Since it was a hard move, it eventually lead to a halt to the immediate growth of trees after mass felling. The activities like excavation of fossil fuels like coal and crude oil from marine environments and the oil spills extended the custodies of worlds onto the natural home grounds of the species brooding inside the oceans. In a manner the activities disturbed the full nutrient rhythms in ocean environments. The workss that grow in the surface absorbs the contaminated H2O which harms the little fishes that depend on works ingredients for their endurance. Hence the aglow and eccentric animals that grow in the dusk zone gets harmed which once more spoilt the bigger marauders that dwell in the bathypelagic zone and the abyssal zone. An incident occurred in California where a peculiar strain of pink pelicans got wiped out within few months due to the extra sums of pesticides that was sprayed onto the rivers that was the chief home ground for the pelican population in that part. As a consequence of the toxin, the workss got infected that automatically created jobs to the fishes in that envir onment. So when the pelicans whose chief nutrient was fishes, consumed the fishes as in normal ratios, the toxin entered their organic structure excessively. Since the energy transportation occurs based on a 10 per centum jurisprudence, the measure of toxic chemicals that penetrated into the pelican organic structure besides. The chemical had a substance inside it that eliminated the cause of formation of surfacing for the eggs formed inside the pelican organic structures. As a consequence, when the eggs fell onto the land, broke due to the absence of the difficult shell about. Since neonates were non produced, the species got nonextant with the current population. The debut of alien species is yet another of import factor that lead to the utmost loss of biodiversity. The alien species are introduced for better resiliency and adaptability factors with the environment. They display greater survival capacity with their advanced organic structure accommodations and opposition capablenesss. A typical illustration was the delivery in of the population of mongooses in a peculiar small town to cut down the perturbation of serpents. After a period of clip, the mongooses wiped off the serpents but as a consequence of the complete extinction of serpents in that country, there occurred utmost generation of rats and gnawers since there was an instability in the nutrient concatenation. The terminal consequence was snake control but extra population of mice. Hence the theory is that ne'er do jobs to the natural co-existence of species as it would make other unmanageable problems in the hereafter. The International Union of Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) listed the latest tendencies of biodiversity loss with the aid of nonliteral graphs and ratios. Harmonizing to the surveies, the consequences obtained were that 21 % of mammals, 28 % of reptilians, 37 % of fresh water fish, 70 % of workss are under serious menace. Among the 33 largest biotic deltas, about 24 are in a heavy sinking phase. From the decisions of United Nation Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) yearbook, a rounded figure of US 50 dollars fish stocks have been depleted. The Amazon militants and newsmans have given their analysis on about 80 per centum of the lumber woods being sold illicitly for personal additions under the cloaked name of globalization. The increasing industrial activities and mill mercantile establishments have created mayhem in the nearby vicinity parts and the rivers and lakes in the locality. Excess toxic wastes and chemicals gets drained out onto the lands and the H2O beginnings. As a conseque nce of this toxic secernments, the birthrate of the evidences are lost and it penetrates onto the interior parts of Earth through crannies and holes. Thus the H2O table gets affected and the deeper roots of elephantine trees and workss sucks the venom into it doing great problem in the full nutritionary rhythms and nutrient concatenation. When surface run away and dirty eroding occurs, the chemicals flows onto the rivers and its feeders bring forthing pandemonium and confusion to the fish stocks and marine workss. The vaporization procedure absorbs these harmful and unhealthy toxicant chemical substances onto the ambiance. The rain when occurs causes acerb showers and throw outing of unsafe gases onto the surface of the Earth ‘s beds. Many of these imbalanced rhythms have contributed to the climatic alterations and thaw of polar ice caps thereby deluging the low prevarication parts. Ozone depletions and noxious gases have still been hot subjects in the immediate hereafter. Geneticss have been another field that has brought in greater danger in the present scenario. Though it has played an of import lead function in globalization and its effectual steps by raising improved assortments of cowss and stock, giving better quality harvests, bring forthing healthy and immune strain of animate beings and workss, genetically modified and reengineered merchandises for the nutriment and proper consumption of food enriched nutrient stuffs, it has besides displayed itself as a necessary immorality. Better assortments of harvests and strains of cowss are produced by unreal techniques and methods of cross genteelness and genetically modifying the venereal parts of farm animal. Disease immune and pest immune assortments of harvests and related types have tonss of preservatives and chemicals added onto it to give the excess juicy and juicy visual aspect, which are excessively harmful for the normal metabolic activities to be carried on the human organic structure if co nsumed above optimal bounds. Nowadays Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , wallopers and dual beef pattie Burgers have invariably filled the shops, eating houses and bakeshops. Peoples are so addicted to the debris nutrient that there is no manner to do them gain the injury it can do to their delicate tegument and organic structure. The heavy dosage of Calories that gets added onto the organic structure can do unsafe wellness jeopardies like fleshiness, chronic rise in blood force per unit area, bosom onslaughts, palpitations and nervous dislocations. The fat molecules when deposited around the critical variety meats can do bad and alarming symptoms of organic structure upsets. The intercrossed cowss might bring forth milk, flesh and wool in much higher proportion than normal and original strains. But the milk, flesh and related merchandises will be full of injected endocrines and unsafe equalizers. It is non the measure that has to be counted and taken into history, but the quality and wellness parametric quantities. Pollution has been yet another factor that has created jobs for the people. Excess gas emanations, car exhaustions, expulsion of CFCs and toxic chemicals onto the surface of the air causes respiratory upsets and rhinal obstructions. The people populating along the waysides and nearby mill edifices develop tegument, oculus and nose annoyances followed by extra external respiration jobs. The wildlife excessively gets affected with utmost inspiration of toxic gases like C dioxide and C monoxides. The force per unit area therefore generated around the valves of respiratory piece of land for sometime can even take to a province of unconsciousness and if continued decease. Lungs have a minimal capacity to filtrate out the unwanted toxins from the general pollution. When it exceeds the bound, the victim gets subjected to chronic irrecoverable complaints. The ruddy list has cited an dismaying figure of hot spots all around the universe. Rare and last of some of the acute species have gone nonextant due to the high degrees of human intercessions and incursion onto the natural home grounds and homes of the aggregation of species. The chief problem occurs when a peculiar strain of species wholly vanishes from the Earth. There is no agencies to convey it back onto the surface once more into full strength. Therefore the best option is to protect and continue the last endurances and invariably work for its maintainance and upbringing. One would n't cognize the true values of an plus until otherwise it is to the full gone from the visibleness of our eyes. Therefore do the maximal effectual use of resources without doing injury to their reconciliation rhythms and its ego capacity to refill itself. Use is non a job, but the manner of managing it is the right method to be practised by persons. Hence globalization has brought about tonss of positive results but at the same clip created mayhem and upset on the other terminal. Clear cut thoughts and its execution is yet an art that has to be handled and practised by the universe and its dwellers for the well being of the hereafter and the effects to follow. If one does make an issue, he is to the full responsible and apt to endure the effects that are to follow by his/her workss. It has played a really of import function in the devastation and desolation of the biotic militias and its profusion.DecisionGlobalization is a true and positive step that has made a immense impact on the full collection of the universe as a incorporate Earth. The effects and steps of its deductions and scheduling hold brought about tonss of benefits to the universe as an economic system. Peoples have gone frontward into believing earnestly about the whole thought of globalizing the universe due to the increased opportunities of benefit factors and t he idea of a better universe has made them travel for it. Every facet has a positive portion and a negative portion. The positive side is that it has lead to liberalization of trade, made technological promotions, built, stronger cross boundary line dealingss, harmonised the economic systems despite of civilizations dazes, communicating barriers, age and gender prejudice, category disparities and rich hapless inequalities. Globalisation as in itself is a cardinal standards spread outing and widening its roots onto newer and fresher facets of better opportunity and alteration factors and looks frontward for advanced thoughts and chances. The negative side is that the basic nature of globalization is that whoever stands on its manner is removed and destroyed in the procedure of promotion. So whether it is an industrial advancement or a technological works building, no affair what, the environing countries and the nearby home grounds are profoundly destructed and devastated. The promotions are constantly achieved by whatever agencies. There ma y be many establishments and avaricious eyes whose purposes are fixed to pull net incomes and money under the camouflage of advancement and outgrowth as a sole and supreme power. Harmonizing to me summing up all the facets covered till now, I go with my base point proposition as to pull positive benefits from both the parties as both are interlinked and connected to each other. None can brace without the other. So giving infinite for the growing of both at the same time can merely convey about an existent alteration in the development of economic system. Biodiversity is of import for the continuance and endurance of life and globalization is required for the regular and changeless growing of the bing life. It is true that harm may happen on any of the evidences, but make it a point that the amendss affected are less and that the positives overpower the injuries followed. Effective schemes and programs can be brought about to implementing right lengths of criterions and preparation of techniques to prolong the growing of biodiversity and globalization parallely. Scheduling and doing proper programs as to conserve and continue the balance of the bing species and making the environment for their full fledged resurgence are really of import for the future promotion of coevalss. All the environmental administrations and establishments must heartily work together in set uping a common land and harvest out the necessary results for the common benefit of all the economic systems together as one.

Smith's Accounting Tax & Service Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smith's Accounting Tax & Service - Case Study Example Importance of Management Functions The four major management functions, planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling, play a significant role in performing the daily activities of an organization. The concept of planning sets specific goals for organizations, managers, and other employees. In the opinion of Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor (2010), planning assists the management team to understand where the organization is, how to make the organization move along the specified path, and when to take appropriate measures to achieve the targeted organizational goals etc (pp.169-170). Elimination of uncertainties, minimization of impulsive and arbitrary decisions, quick resource allocation, effective use of resources, adaptive responses, anticipative action, and integration of various decisions and activities are other benefits usually obtained from planning. According to Hurd, Barcelona, and Meldrum (2008, pp.42-43), ‘organizing’ is an effective functional element of manage ment that assists the firm to achieve the targets set in the planning phase. Organizing aids a firm to distribute the works effectively among its employees. Organizing is essential to clarify the powers of every manager and the way he has to exercise those powers. This practice will also prevent managers from taking unfair advantages of their position. Similarly, work coordination, effective administration, growth and diversification, sense of security, and scope for new changes are some other fruitful outcomes of organizing. A manager’s level of success or failure is determined on the basis of his/her ability to influence people within the particular department. When managerial individuals effectively deploy their influencing skills, they exude a positive energy that would highly motivate their subordinates. This motivation will directly enhance organizational productivity and thereby profitability. In the view of Marquis and Huston (2009, p. 434), motivation helps an indivi dual to move forward in spite of all possible difficulties and challenges. Controlling is a management function that bridges the gap between actual performance and the planned performance by finding reasons for such gaps and taking corrective measures or actions to address those reasons. Rothbauer-Wanish (2009) says that this function is essential to make sure that the business is running along the predetermined path. Moreover, it would enable the management team to successfully enter into the next phase of planning. Recommendations to Amanda (1)Although you (Amanda) had established an effective mission statement, you failed to develop and share it in an appropriate way. It seems that you have not tried to pass her visions and goals on to your new employees. For the profitable running of Smith’s Accounting and Tax Service, Amanda’s employees must be well aware of the firm’s ultimate goal. Therefore, you must give great emphasis on sharing your mission and vision with your employees. (2)Similarly, you failed to organize and control human resources effectively. You completely relied on Lisa even before analyzing the range of Lisa’s performance. You gave full freedom to Lisa to manage the day to day activities of other employees. In short, you have not given adequate care in dealing with the individual performance of your employees. Hence, it is

Is it ethical for a company to produce genetically modified crops Essay

Is it ethical for a company to produce genetically modified crops - Essay Example Indeed, many of today’s crops have been modified so much that the modern people might have a hard time identifying the original crop, such as maize. However, with developing of modern technology, genetic modification of crops has become so sophisticated that many people find it hard to come to terms with the drastic changes made to organisms. The ethicalness of companies producing GMOs has consequently become subject of the extensive debate internationally, and the possibility that GMOs may comprise a substantial portion of the food produced in the USA and UK has elicited a barrage of reaction from different circles where disparate views are held on the issue. This paper aims at examining the ethical issues around mass production of genetically modified foods by considering different points of view on the subject to determine if a company is ethically justified to produce the same. The ethical issues surrounding genetically modified food are motivated by a multitude of factors , chief among these are health concerns since there is not enough research to determine the long-term effect of GMOs. Despite the fact that GMOs have been the part of the American diet since 1992 (soybeans, corn, and cottonseed), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed them because they had not found them to have any threat to the human life. It claimed they were not the subject of regulation since they did not differ from ordinary seeds (Smith, â€Å"Spilling the Beans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Later experimentation has come to show that many genetically modified foods are downright harmful to virtually every organ of the human body. According the American Organic Consumers, GMOs have been linked to 1000s of livestock deaths, allergic reactions and even deaths of humans over the years (Smith, â€Å"Spilling the Beans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The research by several other organizations has also come up with distressing results after using GMOs on rats that often suffered fatal consequences. A nother factor worth considering is that although we cannot explicitly prove they do not cause them, there is enough circumstantial evidence to require the reexamination of the corporate and federal positions on GMOs, consumption of which has coincided with increase prevalence in medical conditions, such as cancer and deadly allergy attacks. The companies producing GMOs are well aware of what they are doing; it is glaringly evident because of the fact that they continue to produce these products. This has consequently saturated the American market since the companies have no concern for the health of consumers and are driven by the bottom line. With this in mind, the ethical violations by any of the companies engaging in production of these products are unambiguous. The other ethical consideration is the fact that consumers are unaware of the effect and modifications done on the food they consume; hence, many eat such in full ignorance. To worsen matters, labeling is not allowed, so consumers have no hope of choosing whether they want to eat GMOs or not (Lendman, â€Å"Potential Health Hazards†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This way, the companies are literally forcing millions of consumers to use these products without giving them enough information. Therefore, such attitude can be viewed as quintessence of unethical business practice. Another pertinent consideration is who will gain and who will lose in all this: who are the principal beneficiaries, is it

The Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of COPD Research Paper - 1

The Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of COPD - Research Paper Example However, Sahn (2012) conducted research that showed the pre-hospital administration of hydrocortisone may improve. This could possibly be a result of evidence-based practice (EBP) and the purpose of this paper is to present the results of research into the topic.   EBP is relevant in practice mainly because it is informed by recently researched data that has been approved by professionals and the industry. According to Moyer (2008), managing acute exacerbation of COPD is a common practice that demands the critical search for evidence in the healthcare setting. In agreement with this opinion, Gregory and Mursell (2010) emphasize that medical practitioners should formulate relevant questions about the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD. Based on this, this essay will search and answer the question â€Å"would the outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD be improved by the pre-hospital administration of hydrocortisone in the UK?† Specifically applied to this question, the PICO model defines not only the problem but also the population at which the population is targeted. This was significant in the shaping of the literature search because it narrowed down the scope to a more defined area with specific expected outcomes. Yoder-Wise (2007) points out that it is critical in detailing the interventions and risk factors that must be considered by paramedics in their proc edure. This is as opposed to stereotyping the management of acute exacerbation of COPD to a particular long-used procedure (Goldacre, 2013).  Ã‚  

What use is the Westminster model of British Government Essay

What use is the Westminster model of British Government - Essay Example A number of alternative models suggest that the future relations modelled is shared a path with Norway. Previously Norway was a non EU member like many states. On the contrary, the â€Å"Norwegian model† has been faced by increased interest from those in Britain wishing to a separate partnership with Brussels whereas at the same time insisting on benefitting from inner markets (Mcannulla, 2006, pg.17). Last autumn, British parliamentarian’s visited Norway to learn on Norwegian EU experience. Issues arose on whether Norwegian style was the viable political option for Britain. Initially, British influenced Norway’s integration in the EU. Both Macmillan and Wilson governments opted for British membership for common markets in the 1960s, and expected Norway’s also to follow suit. Furthermore, as a result of the popular rejection in Norway’s 1972 referendum, the two countries parted ways (Baker & Seawright, 1998, 14). In 2013, Britain and Norway have exceeded forty years on opposite sides on regard to EU membership. In Britain, request for deeper relation with European integration are met with contentions. Domestic debate concerning the current EU relations have shown capacity to initiate tension within and between parties and prone to destruction of any governing coalition. Hindrance exists on partnership between Norway and Britain on EU context (Hay, 2007, pg.10). Arguments for and against devolution was a major issue during the 1997 election campaign devolved power has been an issue with British politics. John Prescott claims that he wants to devolve more power to the geographical area within England. Scotland and Northern Ireland possess their own different cultures not similar with United Kingdom (Beloff, 1996, pg.13). Therefore, to expect residents of these regions to concur with laws, decisions and rules made in London are seen as wrong and irrational. Power should be dispersed from London to other regions. Government in

Flexibility and the Contract of Employment Essay

Flexibility and the Contract of Employment - Essay Example 74). Most of the institution traditionally hire workers and require them to perform their duties during fixed time which are normally eight continuous working hours a day and in a specific places. In the modern society most of the employees and employers are shifting away from this tradition and are focusing on a variable working agreements to enable workers perform their duties according to their wishes. This has enabled workers to have time with their families and also be able to utilize their working time effectively since they only work when they are ready to work (Berndt & Hartmut 2005, p.191). This has result to gains from both parties in terms of productivity and convenience of discharge of the obligations. 1. Different Recruitment Techniques Every organization aims at acquiring the most efficient and effective workforce who are capable of improving organization’s performance and make it competent (Berndt & Hartmut 2005, p.198). Though there are many qualified job seeke rs who are ready and willing to work for such organizations, sometimes it is not easy for organizations to hire the most qualified workforce as they would wish (Lipsey & Mucchielli 2002, P.76). The approach taken by the human resource managers during recruitment and hiring of workers will determine the quality of their workforce hence the overall performance of the organization. Approaches for recruiting qualified workers Through recruiting agencies: there are numerous agencies who hire workers on behalf of the organizations (Lipsey & Mucchielli 2002, P.83). Those agencies are ran by qualified hiring personnel who have potential to establish what the organization requires in terms of manpower and look for job applicants with those particular requirements. The advantage of using agency is that agencies normally have time to scrutinize the potential workers unlike organizations which may rely on experience of busy managers with limited resources for recruiting workers. Also, agencies rarely engage in canvassing with job applicants hence there is possibility for getting the best candidates (Berndt & Hartmut 2005, p. 202). Agencies also maintain records of all job applicants hence they can easily trace the most qualified workers whenever they are required to do so hence providing a quick solution to the organizations’ needs of personnel. Also some trade associations encourage their member organizations to advertise their jobs through their websites. Therefore, job seekers can easily access the vacancies in various organizations and apply for them hence giving organizations an opportunity to select the best candidates from the list of applicants (Berndt & Hartmut 2005, p.217). The advantage of this approach is that it offers cheap method for the organization to acquire workforce since most of those association do not charge their members anything. Internal recruitment where organization selects existing workers to fill higher positions left vacant in the org anization (Lipsey & Mucchielli 2002, P.90). This approach is efficient because it enables organization to maintain its loyal workers. This instils trust and loyalty among workers because they have confidence that once chance occurs within the organization the existing employees have equal opportunity of being upgraded. This method further enables organization to save its expense they would otherwise incur in hiring workers from outside the organization. Another approach is use of eternal recruitment of employees approach to acquire workers for their organizations. This approach involves inviting job applicants from outside the

The Large Bathers Formal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Large Bathers Formal Analysis - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Large Bathers is one of the pieces of arts in Philadelphia Museum of Art. Considering the importance and significance that this piece of art had during its time and the ages after, it is essential that a formal analysis of the painting enhance a better understanding. In the Large Bathers formal analysis, there are certain basic aspects that are ideally of substantive significance, which are looked at. These include elements such as the composition, the theme, color, lights, mood, and tone among other elements of art. Having a closer look at the painting, one is able to derive that ideally, the main theme surrounding the painting is that of human figures in a landscape. Amongst all the works of Cezanne, it is the large bathers that the most lasting and profound impact in addressing the theme of human figures in a landscape. The Bathers painting’s composition is done in such a way that there are trees bordering the bathers from either side with th e bathers in their nude bodies, bending inwardly towards each other, in a manner that looks like their attention is drawn to something. In the surrounding, the Bathers and the trees are aligned in such a way that they form a shape of a triangle. In between the Bathers and the onlookers, there is a dark painting, that looks like a lake. At first sight, the picture brings into perspective certain aspects of old tradition considering the manner in which the paintings are done. The paintings are those of nude women, a traditional approach to paintings, an aspect that contradicts the actual reality that the painting was the beginning of the modern art. Considering the period during which the painting was done, the pictures are very beautiful. During the same period, many technologies had not been developed and hence it was beautifully done.

Chronic Disease Essay Example for Free

Chronic Disease Essay Chronic disease is an illness. It can be regulated but not cured. It is in most cases a long-lasting medical condition that can have a long-term variation in the body (Prakash, Porwal, Saxena, 2012). There are many cases of chronic disease around the world but in the United States it is the foremost cause of death. Seven out of 10 deaths amid Americans every year are from chronic diseases. One disease that can be severe, depending on the stage is colon cancer. It is also known as colorectal cancer. It grows in the digestive tract, which ultimately can change into a cancerous polyp. A polyp is a benign growth on the body that sometimes becomes malignant (Prakash, Porwal, Saxena, 2012). This means it can spread throughout the body. The colon is complete with three parts, the ascending, transverse, and descending also known as the sigmoid colon. It lies within the large intestine and is directly above the rectum. The sigmoid is to help digest, process, and eliminate food. If someone were to get colon cancer it would start in the sigmoid and if it is not treated early, it can result in losing his or her colon (Prakash, Porwal, Saxena, 2012). There are quite a few risk factors with this disease; the people who have the highest risk to develop colon cancer are 50 or older, the chances increase with age. Gender also plays a big role; they say men have a higher risk than women because they tend to have more occurrences with adenomas or benign tumors in tissue glands. There are also two types of medical conditions that increase chances of acquiring colon cancer; they are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s. Another name for them is Inflammatory Bowel Disease. They are set off by long-term inflammation. My boyfriend has ulcerative colitis and a friend has crohn’s disease, they have to get regular checkups every six weeks and an infusion. Otherwise they would be sick and probably develop colon cancer. They also get colonoscopies every so often seeing how much of a risk they have. According to Emedicinehealth (2012), â€Å"A colonoscopy is a procedure through which a physician inserts a viewing tube (endoscope) into the rectum for the purpose of inspecting the colon. During a colonoscopy, polyps can be removed, bleeding can be cauterized, and a biopsy can be performed if abnormal areas of the colon are seen† (para.27). To do this procedure they, use an endoscope. It is a medical tool made up of a long tube inserted into the body. It may sound scary to have done or painful, but it could save a life. Some ways to decrease modifiable risk factors for colon cancer are by doing what is best for the body, just like with any other types of disease but there are a few differences. One important thing to do is screening, which is a test for a disease (2002). That way if one does have any polyps it can get removed before becoming cancerous. Another important thing to do is diet, especially if they are obese because obesity is a high risk factor. Fats, alcohol, and too much red meat can also lead to a higher risk. Eating more vegetables, exercising, and maintaining a healthy weight, these are good lifestyle choices, and everyone should keep them in mind. (Davies, Batehup, Thomas, 2011). One thing that lowers the risk of most cancers is staying away from smoking; it is a bad habit for anyone, whether they are sick or not (Daniela, Simona, Imola, 2011). So if one starts to have symptoms such as rectal bleeding, dark stools called melena which is began by bleeding into the bowel, passing of solid waste, gas discomfort, backache, and liquid discharge from the rectum, they should go immediately to see a doctor because those are signs of a tumor in the colon and can lead to severe colon cancer. If someone needs help or support when dealing with colon cancer there are quite a few sources of help that he or she may reach out to. The American Cancer Society, the American Psychosocial Oncology Society (APOS), and Fight Colorectal Cancer.org. These organizations care about people and their needs. Colon cancer is a very serious disease and can be life threatening. So if you or someone you love has cancer make sure to eat healthy, exercise, avoid unhealthy habits, such as smoking and get daily screenings to protect yourselves. Acquiring a polyp or strange bleeding from your rectum can be life threatening, so a screening and a colonoscopy is crucial. ‘Works Cited Continue colonoscopy screening in stable patients, regardless of age. (2002). Geriatrics, 57(1),23.http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7cc2eb43-5583-4161-b181 f6ccc2c74387%40sessionmgr112vid=3hid=102 Daniela, C., Simona, B., Imola, T., Melania, M., Silvia, S. (2011). Smoking and the

The strategic planning of Marks and Spencer

The strategic planning of Marks and Spencer Marks and spencer started from small stalls becomes one of the uks leading retailers with over 15 million people visiting every year. It is giving to its customers great value clothing, high quality, stylish products as well as outstanding quality of food from different authenticated suppliers. The whole of the report revolves around the strategic planning of well renowned company marks and spencer, it will explore the external environment, its existing business plan, major factors affecting it and the strategic option is also given in this report through which it can overcome the predicted barriers. Companies overview Marks and spencer is come to existence in 1894 by the partnership of Michael with Tom Spencer. They employ over 65000 people, running 450 stores and also flourishing international business. In 2007 Marks Spencer (MS) was the UKs largest clothing retailer with a market share of 11.1%. Food sales accounted for 49.8% of its UK business and had a market share of 4.3%. The groups international business accounted for 7.1% of turnover and had grown to 219 franchise stores in 34 territories worldwide as well as 8 wholly-owned stores in Hong Kong and 13 in the Republic of Ireland. During 2007, it opened 36 new stores including the groups largest ever franchise store in Dubai at 52,000 sq ft. and also opened its first store in Taiwan under a joint venture with President Chain Store Corporation. Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise so Johnson and Scholes define strategy as follows: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations.   PEST Analysis Pest analysis is concerned with the environmental influences on a business. The acronym stands for the political, economic, social and technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business. Political European Committee decision to permit free flow of trade among themselves and other countries under foreign trade regulations makes companies to import their products over time easier than before. MS competitors took advantage of its higher cost structure and bit off some its market share. Economic MS competitors are specialised in niche markets and consumers focus which make them to provide a much better consumers satisfaction. They prefer to import their products from abroad for cost savings, this fact puts MS in a cost disadvantage for a perceived higher quality. Social Consumers concept in the marketplace has changed; they do not sense British products as of high quality. There is a shift in demand for more fashionable clothing. Moreover the price sensitivity of the majority of the consumers has increased leaving MS in a less competitive position. Technological Media played major role of communicating new fashions to the customers. This knowledge can be communicated to the designers and producers, so a manufacturer in Thailand or China can be aware of the current fashion trends in UK. Technology theses days are even more quickly copied than before. Moreover due to the transportation speed a shipment of stock from a country in far Asia will only take a few days instead of a preview time period of over a month. Environmental (Ecological) Selling products produced by suppliers has a much greater affect on the environment on how these products are used and disposed by consumers. Retailers use a huge range of raw materials to produce their goods. Because of this, it is critical to manage the use of these materials sensitively and pay proper regard to how they affect natural habitats and bio-diversity. Legal Offering customers high standards of quality product are essential to meet their requirements. MS are known for delivering world class quality products. Porter 5 Forces Analysis The five force models is basically industry specific within which the firm exists and operates. The rationale behind this model is that industry profitability is not determined by the product quality, nor it embodies high or low technology. It is determined by the structure of the industry. M. Porter, Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, 1990 Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run industry profitability. Threat of new entrants New entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition, thereby reducing its attractiveness. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry. High entry barriers exist in some industries whereas other industries are very easy to enter. The most common form of entry barriers are usually the scale and the investment required to enter an industry as an efficient competitor. In consumer product industry this dimension of competition is well prominent. All the existing domestic companies are well set up, reputed, organized and stable manufacturers in the industry and have their own distinct places in the market. A potential entrant may find it uneconomical to take on existing occupants and if it does the gain of market share at the cost of large capital investment besides powerful retaliation of existing manufactures. It may take years (at-least 5 6 years) for an entrant to build reputation for product quality no matter how large its initial advertising campai gn is. Threat of substitutes The presence of substitute products can lower industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit price levels. The threat of substitute products depends on: Buyers willingness to substitute the relative price and performance of substitutes the costs of switching to substitutes The product category Marks and Spencer has is subjected to great threat as different other companies of UK like Primark deals with the same kind of products. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are the businesses that supply materials other products into the industry. The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. Raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a companys profitability. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the companys industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of suppliers will be high when: There are many buyers and few dominant suppliers there are undifferentiated, highly valued products suppliers threaten to integrate forward into the industry. Bargaining power of buyers Buyers are the people who create demand in an industry. The bargaining power of buyers is greater when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers in the industry products are standardized buyers threaten to integrate backward into the industry suppliers do not threaten to integrate forward into the buyers industry. At the same time Pull strategy is followed as bottom up approach where end users pull the preferred product. Intensity of rivalry The intensity of rivalry between competitors in an industry will depend on: The structure of competition for example, rivalry is more intense where there are many small or equally sized competitors; rivalry is less when an industry has a clear market leader The structure of industry costs for example, industries with high fixed costs encourage competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting. Degree of differentiation industries where products are commodities have greater rivalry; industries where competitors can differentiate their products have less rivalry. Switching costs rivalry is reduced where buyers have high switching costs i.e. there is a significant cost associated with the decision to buy a product from an alternative supplier Strategic objectives. Swot Analysis SWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment. Once key strategic issues have been identified, they feed into business objectives, particularly marketing objectives. SWOT analysis can be used in conjunction with other tools for audit and analysis, such as PEST analysis and Porters Five-Forces analysis. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MARKS AND SPENCERS Strengths Marks and Spencer is a powerful brand. It has a reputation for value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store. M S has grown substantially over recent years, and has experienced global expansion. The company has a core competence involving its use of information technology to support its international logistics system. For example, it can see how individual products are performing country-wide, store-by-store at a glance. IT also supports M S efficient procurement. A focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development. People are key to M S business and it invests time and money in training people, and retaining a developing them. Weaknesses M S is the Worlds largest retailer and control of its empire, despite its IT advantages, could leave it weak in some areas due to the huge span of control. Since M S sell products across many sectors (such as clothing, food, or stationary), it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors. The company is global, but has a presence in relatively few countries Worldwide. Opportunities To take over, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. The stores are currently only trade in a relatively small number of countries. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India. New locations and store types offer M S opportunities to exploit market development. They diversified from large super centers, to local and mall-based sites. Opportunities exist for M S to continue with its current strategy of large, super centers. Threats Being number one means that you are the target of competition, locally and globally. à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ Being a global retailer means that you are exposed to political problems in the countries that you operate in. à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ The cost of producing many consumer products tends to have fallen because of lower manufacturing costs. Manufacturing cost has fallen due to outsourcing to low-cost regions of the World. This has lead to price competition, resulting in price deflation in some ranges. Intense price competition is a threat. Stakeholders Expectation Stakeholders Expectation are those without which our strategic analysis will remain incomplete is about the expectation of stake holders. Stakeholders are those individuals or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom the organisation depends. Share holders expectation includes, Corporate governance chain, Formal requirements and boundaries within which strategy is developed, Organisational stakeholders, Other groups (internal and external) which have expectations and potential influence The expectation of the stake holders of M S conflicts between, Short-term profitability versus growth, Family control versus professional managers, Financial independence versus share/loan funding, Public share ownership demands openness and accountability, Cost efficiency may mean job losses, Mass markets may compromise quality, Mass public service provision versus specialist services Generic models for strategic plan According to Porter, Marks and Spencer is followed by a strategic generic model and the main categories are: Cost leadership Diffferenciation Focus Marks and Spencer is a fascinating case of a company that has lost its strategic focus. Its story illustrates how even the strongest of businesses cannot afford to take their eyes off the competition.   MS lost its way as the UKs leading retailer in the late nineties. Its profits, which had peaked at over 1bn [pounds sterling]. fell by hall as consumers rejected its clothing. In response to competitive pressure from new and existing players, MS made major changes to its strategy in 1998-2000. These included decisions to more away from its St. Michael brand  and to accept credit cards.   By 2004 the company was lacing a huge number of issues, including problems with service standards, dated store formats and the alienation of its traditional customer base. MSs stock was falling sharply. The share price, which had been as high as 650p in 1997, had declined to 270p.   By this time, Rose had unveiled his recovery strategy: selling MS Money: buying the Per Una brand: refunding around 2.5bn [pounds sterling] to shareholders: closing the new Lifestores concept and some Simply Food stores: improving products and services: and broadening MSs appeal and customer base.   Green stated that his offer was final, which meant he would not increase it again for six months unless another bidder appeared. The shareholders decided to back Rose. Green withdrew his offer and the share price fell back to 340p, which was 60p (or a total of 1.3bn [pounds sterling]) less than Greens final offer.  He faced following challenges while doing this right. Increase sales and market share without losing margins. (Rose has been  coy  about this, putting the emphasis on cost savings.)   Cut costs without undermining quality or service. In 2004 MS planned around 300m [pounds sterling] of cost savings, but clearly a proportion of these in 2005-06 would be needed to cut prices to competitive levels.   The recent history of MS highlights the need to manage shareholder value and deliver quickly, especially during turnarounds. In this situation, Rose might find the strategic option grid helpful.   This grid has been used by number of major companies, including Tesco and Diageo, to develop strategies. The options for MS include:   Incremental  strategy This would not really improve MSs long-term competitive advantage and it would be a high-risk approach, because the business would become even more exposed.   Float off food This would make shareholders better off, since the business is probably  undervalued. It would not be inherently hard to do this.   Close more stores This would focus the company on its key outlets, but it might damage the brand and decrease customer loyalty in the process.   Rationalise  the product For example stop selling mens shoes. This would declutter the business and provide an opportunity for growth.   Increase franchise space This would allow in other products, which would create more interest.   Strategy of Marks and Spencer to Improve Performance Marks Spencer plans to spend  £200 million over the next five years on going green strategy as the battle to become the most environmentally friendly retailer steps up. The high street giant, which launches its strategy with an advertising campaign in March, has set some challenging targets, including a pledge to stop sending all waste to landfill and to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 per cent. However, the aspirations will be closely scrutinised by non-governmental organisations, which will want to see if MS will be able to maintain its commitment to them in future years as the deadline to meet its targets near. Stuart Rose, the chief executive, said that he hoped that the cost of the programme would be offset by increased sales. Last year the retailer launched a Behind the Label campaign, which highlighted Marks Spencers environmental and ethical business practices and was one of the retailers most successful advertising schemes. Mr Rose said: We think this is the right thing to do because our customers, employees and, increasingly, shareholders are asking us to. We believe those people will embrace a responsible business. MS has worked on the project for six months, taking advice from Jonathon Porritt, the former director of Friends of the Earth, who said: This plan raises the bar for everyone else not just retailers but businesses in every sector. MSs detailed 100-point plan covers climate change, waste, raw materials, fair trade and healthy living. Elements also include reducing the amount of food imported and labelling those goods flown in, opening a model green factory and four stores and using 50 per cent bio-diesel in its lorry fleet. The retailer also wants to reduce packaging by 25 per cent and to use recycled plastic bottles to make polyester for use in clothing and home furnishings. Rosemary Byrde, global Fairtrade policy adviser at Oxfam, said: Marks Spencer is to be applauded for leading the way. We look forward to seeing the difference this will make and to other major retailers following suit in the near future. Robert Napier, chief executive of WWF-UK, the conservation organisation, said: Such bold aspirations as outlined by Marks Spencer can only help to drive other supermarkets and the retail sector towards supplying products in a way that protects our planet and sustains the natural resources we depend upon. The first change that MS shoppers will notice is a range of fair trade cotton T-shirts. About 20 million garments will be produced over the next 12 months, accounting for about a third of the worlds supply of fair trade cotton. Retailers fought to seize the green agenda throughout last year as environmental and fair trade issues had become increasingly important to shoppers and regulators. Marks and Spencers Mission, Vision, Values and Objectives Marks and Spencers corporate objectives are incorporated in its mission statement. This outlines what the business is and what it should be. Mission statements set out in writing what the firm wants to achieve and often include information on the values of the business. MS outlines its core business as clothing and Food. Its financial objectives is to deliver shareholder value in terms of increase returns, but also in terms of increase sales and market share in retailing. It beliefs and values are outlined as Our customers continue to see Marks Spencer as the place to shop for special food, produced to exacting standards. MS also sees its workforce as an important part of its plan and also considers modernising its stores as a key corporate objective. Vision: The standard against which all others are measured Mission: Making aspirational quality accessible to all Values: Quality, value, service, innovation and trust MS also outlines its corporate social responsibility in its mission statement and considers the needs of other stakeholders too. We have a strong tradition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) but we want to make sure CSR is integrated into our operations at every level Finally, MS also outlines its strategic intent (vision) in its corporate objectives. MS wants to continue its differentiation strategy by delivering freshness, quality and innovation. Strategic Implementation This process involves distribution of resources (financial, personnel, time, and technology support). The next step involves assigning tasks or responsibilities to specific individuals or groups to make the environment clean and it needs to disseminated into the company effectively and efficiently, monitoring the progress and results. Careful assessment of the process, controlling for variances and making the required adjustments form vital components of this process. Strategy Evaluation As the term suggests, this process includes evaluation of the efficacy of the organizational strategy implemented. Therefore, successful strategic management must include clearly defined objectives, careful assessment of both the internal and external situation to formulate the strategy, implementing the strategy and making the required adjustments as and when required. The company must possess a clear vision of its long term plans or a clear business vision. This also includes assessing the financial and strategic objectives. Financial objectives involve measures such as sales targets and earnings growth. Strategic objectives are related to the firms business position, and may include measures such as market share and reputation. (quickmba, 2007). The Environmental scan includes the following elements: Internal analysis of the firm, Analysis of the firms industry (task environment) and External macro environment (PEST  analysis). After deriving and inferring the information from the environmental scan the company should be able to carefully identify and address its weaknesses and external threats and evaluate its strengths. A competitive edge in the market in the market can be based on cost or differentiation.   The stage of implementation essentially involves distribution and organization of the companys resources and staff motivation to achieve the set objectives or goals. Evaluation and control includes monitoring the strategy and fine-tuning it as required. CONCLUSION After mid 1990s MS began to experience internal problems such as information flow breakdown and together with the fact that top management was concerned with international expansion MS was drifted away from its core values such as consumer care and customer satisfaction. MS failed to recognise that consumers were becoming wiser and its competitions much stronger. Most of consumers consider MS to be old fashioned company, this image has to be changed to be in line with the market demand and regain its lost customers to other competitors. Based on the analyses, the author feels that MS requires to be focus on its strategic plan therefore, in formulate a strategy envirmental analysis is required, which will be analysed through pestle, the current situation of Marks and Spencer is also captured then a strategic plan is constructed to overcome the barriers, then it is implemented and evaluated to ensure long-term success. Business must try and use as many tools as possible in order to come out with the best strategy for the organisation. However, firms must try and evade the limitations of these tools so as to formulate the best strategy.

Housekeeping Training and Development

Housekeeping Training and Development Housekeeping is a process of making a place or organization clean and tidy . There is specific department in hotel which is called housekeeping department . This department is responsible to clean the hotel rooms and common area . This department is supervise by an housekeeping manager and assist by an assistant manager. In this process , activities such as cleaning dirty surface , dusting , vacuuming and rubbish disposing are done regularly . In order to clean , tools such as broom , sponge , vacuum machine , and detergent are used . Housekeeping department also plays an important role in hotel line because it creates an pleasant impression . TOPIC: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSEKEEPING What are three basic areas housekeeping employees should receive training? List the elements found in each area and the importance of environmental and health concerns. Provide good and poor examples. ROOM http://img4.realsimple.com/images/home-organizing/cleaning/0604/family-room_300.jpg Room is the basic area for a housekeeping personnel to receive training . Room is the main source of income for the hotel premise . Room should be kept clean so that it would create a good impression to the guest thus creating a trust in them . however to get a clean room , housekeeping personnel should Clean the room thoroughly without raising dust, using a damp mop , Routinely clean and disinfect equipment and furniture in customers room , Commode, Empty and disinfect the sputum mug frequently if the customer is using it , Empty and clean the waste-paper bin each day or when necessary , keep windows open to promote ventilation and use air-freshening spray if there is an odor left in the room . The class of the room in the hotel mostly depends on the structure of the hotel itself. The classification of the hotel rooms is often used not so much for the indication of comfort, as for the reflection of the number of beds. You can safely say that the general standard for the internationa l hotel business today is a single room. Tourist, staying in it, can count on the separate bathroom, wardrobe, TV set. WI-FI connection to the Internet is a default option practically in all the rooms of new hotels.Depending on the host country and the status of the hotel a standard room can have additional functions and features. For example, in many  hotels in Britain  washstands with the separate faucet for cold and hot water can be found. In Chine the standard set for the bathroom includes a hairbrush, a toothbrush and paste. Thereby the standard set for the bathroom in the world hotel industry includes soap, towels for body and hands and, of late, a shower gel.In addition to the standard room, the world classification distinguishes more than 30 different types of rooms. The type of the hotel room can depend on the view from the window, the number and the size of rooms, the quality of furniture, the content of mini-bar and the availability of office equipment. In addition to the classification of rooms there is a classification of accommodation. There are also a lot of options: from a double room, where three or more people can stay, to accommodation with children or in the separate cabin on the territory of the hotel. Both the room types and the accommodation types have alphabetic acronyms, primarily in English. For example, BO stands for bed only and means that meals are not included. An abbreviation SV (sea view) in the description of the room means that you will be able to observe the sea through your window.These are the types of room Deluxe Deluxe rooms one of the most expensive rooms in the hotel. Deluxe (De luxe) the word is from the French language, literally can be high class Standard Standard or single room is a classic of hotel business. A single room in any hotel plays a role of its own currency. Suite Suite is a hotel room with an improved design. Suites are often similar in size to a standard room, but the quality of design remains good HOTEL LOBBY http://www.empresshotels.com/img/empress-hotel-lobby.jpg Hotel lobby plays an important role in housekeeping because that is the first place guest will see in the entrance of the hotel . Other than that , guest can actually rest while waiting their reservation to be proceses . The lobby should be kept clean regularly , the chairs and table should be wiped and the floor should be mopped . Lobby also can be called as foyer or entrance hall . Many  office buildings,  hotels  and  skyscrapers  go to great lengths to decorate their lobbies to create the right impression. Since the mid 1980s there has been a growing trend to think of lobbies as more than just ways to get from the door to the  elevator, but instead as social spaces and places of commerce.  Some research has even been done to develop scales to measure lobby atmosphere in order to improve hotel lobby design. Many places that offer public services, such as a doctors office, use their lobbies as more of a waiting room for the people waiting for a certain service. In the se types of lobbies it is common for there to be comfortable furniture, such as couches and lounge chairs, so that the customer will be able to wait in comfort. Also, there may be television sets, books, and/or magazines to help the customer pass time as they wait to be served . In the end the lobby should be kept clean to bring in more income . HOTEL WASHROOM http://s3.amazonaws.com/atimg/82961/HazeltonHotel_rect540.jpg Hotel washroom should be kept clean so that it would create a good impression to the customer . The housekeeping department is responsible to ensure that these place are kept clean and tidy .a washroom can be a single unit featuring a toilet and  hand basin  for hand washing. washroom can also be larger facilities, which may include bathing facilities or showers,  changing rooms  and baby facilities.washroom may be stand alone buildings or installations, or be contained within buildings such as  railway stations, schools,  bars,  restaurants,nightclubs  or  filling stations. washroom can also be found on some  public transport  vehicles, for use by passengers. washroom are usually fixed facilities, but can also refer to smaller public  portable toilets, or larger public portable toilets constructed as  portable buildings.washroom are commonly separated by  gender  into male and female facilities, although some can be  unisex, particularly the smaller o r single occupancy types. Both male and female toilets may incorporate toilet cubicles, while many male toilets also feature  urinals. Increasingly, public toilets incorporate  accessible toilets  and features to cater for people with  disabilities.washroom may be unattended or be staffed by a  janitor  (possibly with a separate room), or  attendant, provided by the  local authority  or the owner of the larger building. In many cultures it is customary to  tip  the attendant, while other public toilets may charge a small  fee  for entrance, sometimes through use of a coin operated  turnstile . QUESTION 2 TOPIC: HOTEL AMMENITIES What amenities would you feature in a budget hotel property? In a midsized property? In a luxury property? BUDGET HOTEL http://www.hotelbeursstraat.nl/images/budget_hotel_amsterdam.jpg Budget hotel provides a cheap yet a comfortable place to stay . I would prefer amenities such as food and beverage service and include with shops which sells basic utensils and food . Other than that   Air conditioning must be available. There should be special disability adapted rooms available. The friendly reception is open 24 hours to provide any information required, including currency exchange, safe deposit boxes and internet connection . Younger guests can also have fun in the playground. In the evening, guests can enjoy music at the pool bar, as well as the main bar and frequent party nights to keep spirits high. Barbecue and kaoreke should be provided . MIDSIZED HOTEL http://www.greenfieldhotel.com/en/images/Hotel%20new.jpg Midsized hotel usually is 3 or 4 star hotel . In my opinion food and beverage especially the restaurant should have variety of dishes and facilities .   Guests can relax by the swimming pool with refreshments from the pool bar, open from early in the morning until late at night and other leisure facilities such as the pool table, water polo and the recreation room , all this facilities must be included in midsized property . Other than that , Spa , Jacuzzi , wifi and cable tv should be provided . LUXURY PROPERTY http://www.ezega.com/userfiles/Image/atsea.jpg Luxury hotel such as burj al arab are given the high class facilities or deluxe .Types of amenities a luxury hotel should have is Food and beverage service such as multiple restaurant with different types of cuisine and be entertained by high class waiter and waitress . Other than that Bath ropes and towel should be provided in well furnished washroom equal to 6 star washroom . In entertainment wise , cable tv with multiple channel should be provided and equipped with cd and dvd player . Iron and iron board should be provided together with a huge wardrobe . The beddiong should be huge together with high quality pillow and blanket . In terms of food , a mini fridge should be provided with drinks , wine and snacks . A world class jacuzzi and spa should be provided in high class and in spa the instructor should be well trained . CONCLUSION Question 1 and 2 show me the importance of housekeeping department in hotel industry . Housekeeping department plays an important role in hotel industry because it create an pleasant impression to the guest , thus bringing in more business . Other than that , hotel amenities also plays an important role in hotel industry because guest will prefer to go to hotel which provide better amenities . IM PADMAN THANABALAN, hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work and not copied or plagiarized from any sources. I have referenced the sources from which information is obtained by me for this assignment. Signature Date BIBILIOGRAPHY http://www.hotelnissaki.gr/mykonos-hotels-facilities-amenities.php http://www.hotelhaciendaloslaureles.com/english/los-laureles-facilities.php http://www.ezega.com/userfiles/Image/atsea.jpg http://housekeeping.about.com/od/cleaning101/a/housekeeping.htm Raising the Dust : The Literary Housekeeping of Mary Ward, Sarah Grand, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Sutton-Ramspeck, Beth  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  Ohio University Press Original Publish Date: 09/2004   Enders Hotel : A Memoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Schrand, Brandon R.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  University of Nebraska Press Original Publish Date: 03/2008   Opportunities in Hotel and Motel Management Careers  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author:  Henkin, Shepard  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publisher:  McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing Original Publish Date: 11/2001  

Essay --

Before I explain and talk about why a ball goes farther when hit with an aluminum bat, I would like to present and explain some vocabulary concept and words. A collision, transfers momentum or kinetic energy from one object to another object. There are two types of collisions, elastic collision and inelastic collision. An elastic collision is a collision that occurs when two objects bounce apart when they collide; the total kinetic energy in the system is the same before and after the collision. For example, elastic collision occurs when equally massive balls move in the same direction; in this case momentum is transferred from one ball to another ball. And an inelastic collision is a collision that occurs when two objects collide and do not bounce away from each other; the collision changes the total kinetic energy in a closed system. For example, inelastic collision occurs when two cars crash and join themselves into one; the objects stick together after colliding. In inelastic c ollision all that happened is the loss of some kinetic energy, objects don not necessarily need to stick together in an inelastic collision. Whether a collision is an elastic collision or inelastic collision momentum would always be the same before and/or after the collision as long as you have a close system. According to Asif Shakur, Chair of Physics and Engineering at Salisbury State University, explains, â€Å"Aluminum is a hard material. It doesn't have a lot of "give." In other words, aluminum is highly elastic. Therefore, very little of the ball's initial kinetic energy (the energy associated with motion) is used up in permanently deforming the aluminum. Indeed, the aluminum springs back quickly and the ball retains much of its initial energy. In co... ...reased the animosity between the two players† (Russell). The point of all of this is that Piazza’s bat broke; professional players typically go through a lot of bats during a baseball season. In conclusion, there are a various numbers of reasons why a ball go farther when hit with an aluminum bat; such as, aluminum bat can be swung faster, aluminum bats have the trampoline effect, aluminum bats have winder sweet spots, and aluminum bats don’t break. A ball goes farther when hit with aluminum bat because of the fact that the bat is very lightweight and have a large 'sweet spot' in which to hit the ball. In order to have a ball with a high speed, in other words, lots of kinetic energy, the collision has to an elastic collision. Aluminum bats can be swung faster because the barrel of an aluminum bat is empty; the distribution of mass along the length of a metal bat.

Have you met him - Jesus Christ? :: essays research papers

Jesus the Christ is God the Father (that One and only Holy Spirit - God is a Spirit and One) in flesh - the Son of God. It was God the Father who was responsible for overshadowing the virgin Mary and causing her to conceive. So Mary was the source of His humanity and God was the source of His divinity. He became a man but he did not cease to be God the Father of the universe. He could probably best be explained as the God-Man. Sometimes He spoke and acted as a man. Sometimes He spoke and acted as God (the Father). He came to earth to seek and save that which was lost; to minister and to give His life as a ransom - the just for the unjust. He paid the price for our sins. Then He rose from the dead three days later because He was sinless and death could not hold Him. In so doing, He showed us the way to eternal life and how we can get victory over death. He brought life and immortality to light. He offers forgiveness of sins and eternal life (with countless other benefits) to those who will come to Him on His terms seeing He is Lord of all and is the only one who can save us from death - the second death that the Bible speaks of. The grave is only a temporary place. The day is coming when all that are in the grave will hear His voice and come out of the grave to stand before God (Jesus Christ) the Judge of all the earth - a dreadful place for sinful man. We can avoid this judgment by having our sins dealt with while we are yet alive by obeying the gospel which is His plan of salvation for us. It's very important to follow the Bible formula exactly. The devil has come up with alot of variations with the attempt to make the command of God of no effect. Back when the church was born, men were convicted of their sin and asked what they should do when they realized that they had crucified their Saviour some 50 days earlier. The apostle Peter said, Repent and be baptized everyone of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.

Motivation To International Business

Domestic market: VOSCO will still be the biggest shipping company especially in bulk and dry bulk cargo transportation while continuing to develop oil and container shipping International market: VOSCO tend to be more active and concentrate on seaborne trade within Asian Region (such as Korea, China, Indonesia†¦) as well as furthering other freight routes all over the world (Africa, Europe and America). Motivation why VOSCO want to expand their market to foreign market because Currently the demand of shipping in Vietnam is limited and just holds a minor part.So VOSCO certainly will need to enter foreign markets to get more profit and customers (sources of cargo-supply in long term) and utilize the fleet capacity (bulk, tanker and container ships) as well as reduce the inventory cost and promote economies of scale. In the near future demand for import-export from regional countries and the amount of cargo in international shipping expects to rise tremendously in the near future.A ccording to UNDESA 2012, worldwide commercial good transported by sea will increase by 36% in 2020 and double the gross tonnage by 2033, especially bulk cargo still remain as the major – which is also the strength of VOSCO fleet. The barriers to entrance foreign market are reduced or eliminated when Vietnam joined ASEAN and WTO recently: VN has been a member of WTO since 2007, commercial relations with over 220 countries and territories, sign 88 bilateral trade agreements, establish 7 FTA with 15 countries.So removes significantly trade barriers and is good condition for Vietnamese companies, specifically VOSCO to enter foreign markets. VOSCO has a lot of good competitive advantages to develop further like: low-cost and skilled crew (seafarers), good related and supporting system such as shipbuilding industry, ports†¦ (VOSCO is a member of VINALINE)†¦ Moreover the company can manage and exploit their own fleets therefore positively seek to customers and participate in international market without dependence on other partners.In addition, VOSCO officially takes part in foreign market also means the company have to deal with a lot of threat. The biggest one is the competition from much bigger rivals around us such as COSCO, Hanjin†¦ in both price and quality wars, then other threats emerging from the host country like culture, policy and currency. Now move to factors this company should consider in shaping their strategies to compete in foreign market.We did mention that China and Indonesia can be potential foreign market so let’s take a look at some external environmental analysis of them: Political Factor: both Indonesia and China are considered as stable political environment, unlikely the high political risk in Africa. Tariffs are high but on decreasing slope. The recent dispute on The East Sea between China and some countries including Vietnam may not affect too much on trade between countries. Economic Factor: both countries ar e in trillion dollar GDP club. Currently China’s economy is the second biggest economy in the world and Indonesia ranks 15th.Especially FDI plays a vital role in China and Indonesia growth rate. Trade between these two countries with other all over the world continues to rise significantly regardless of the bad impact of public debt in Europe economy. Socio-cultural Factor: Population in Indonesia and China is extremely high not only in Asia but in the world. However there’s a big difference between these culture, especially in religion(major religion in China is Buddhism but Indonesia is Muslim) Technological Factor: Transport system and Communication System in these countries are effective and highly developed compared with other in region.From this analysis we can see that the company should choose a proper method to access the market. We think the way of merger and acquisition or integration with a local freight forwarder would be efficient because setting up a new affiliate is risky (postponement). Nevertheless setting up subsidiary or using will help the firm take the initiative in linking with local customers. Beside that VOSCO should focus on its own strength in shaping other strategies.Generic competitive strategies: Focus on market niche will be a good choice because VOSCO now take advantage in dry and bulk cargo transportation. It also means mineral, grain and other agricultural product will be the major commodity. In shaping the production strategy, there are two main factors: fleet and logistics service. Like we said before, VOSCO should renew and upgrade regularly their quality and functionality fleet to meet the international transport demand. For example:Firstly, technical improvement in ship sizes and draft is required (international coal shipping require 30,000 – 70,000 DWT vessels; demand for regional rice shipping currently concentrate on under 10,000 DWT vessels but in the near future it will increase to 20,000  œ 30,000 DWT) Secondly, standardization factor (the problem of registry – Vietnamese registered vessel may satisfy the operation standard but in fact it is unfavorable in international transport because standards by VR may not strict enough). The factor of logistics activities in both home and host country is very important.Investing in logistics infrastructure such as warehouse, inland transportation†¦ in China or Indonesia should be a long-term objective. Initially it should be integration with local providers. Expanding business in foreign market certainly need to consider factors in human resources. Integration can be seen as the first step before M&A process. Initially local shipping agent and logistics provider will run totally by local employees (inpatriate) then gradually replaced by our expatriates especially the top position. Therefore selection, training and development those expatriates will play an important role (Ex: Culture: China – Indonesia).Secon dly VOSCO must set up a competitive compensation package to motivate them and finally a proper relocation policy. Move to financial issues, initially the company should not consider the financial objective as the most important. Instead, the outcome better focus on (which is reflected by customer satisfaction). Another factor is the source of fund for the subsidiary. Depend on the (high) IR and exchange rate in both China and Indonesia, it’ll be better if the fund depends on both parent company and local borrowing and they uses the most common method: dividend remittance to pay back the parent firm.Finally regular financial report to the VOSCO headquarter is necessary in order to hedge the risk and develop their own financial strategy. The last but not least is containerization. Expand the business focusing on dry and bulk cargo market doesn’t mean we skip the container market. Like I said, this is a long-term objective because the current inefficiency of VOSCO contain er vessels. Therefore, profit from bulk cargo shipping can be reinvested in developing container lines services in the future.

Assessment Project Essay

There are 3 main types of assessment initial, summative & formative. Initial assessments aim is to create a profile of the learner this can be achieved informally by setting questions relating to the learners previous knowledge skills & experience relating to the subject area, or by asking the learner why they have enrolled on the course & what they wish to achieve from it. The more formal method of completing an initial assessment known as a diagnostic assessment this will assist in identifying the learners capabilities, & what support will be needed to be offered to them for successful completion of the programme. On the course I teach which a level 1 chef’s diploma there is a skills test is carried out at the interview. The candidate is asked to cook off an omelette in order to assess his current levels of culinary skills. There are also diagnostic tests carried out relating to functional skills as these run alongside the diploma at various levels, to support the students. The tests allow the students to be placed in the appropriate set in order that they can improve these key skills alongside the diploma during their time at college. According to Petty. G. 2004 this is â€Å"closing the gap as it allows the programme to be moved nearer to the student†. Support tutors are also allocated to each class to assist those students with learning difficulties, for example I have several students in my class with dyslexia & literacy issues. An initial assessment could also be used to produce critical information that needs to go on the students profile at Shrewsbury we are aware of all students preferred learning styles VARKS, this assists us in lesson planning so we deliver our lessons according to the groups preferred learning styles. As the VARKS questionnaire will indicate your preference for taking in & putting out information in a learning context. The questionnaire only consists of 16 questions in order that those who complete the questionnaire are focused. Data produced from the questionnaire so far indicate that men’s preferred learning style is kinaesthetic where as the female learning style preference is reading & writing. As Wilson. l. 2009 states â€Å"many organisations are measured & funded on their success, therefore it is important the right learner is on the right course & receiving the right support. † A through initial assessment will allow this to happen which in the long term will benefit the learner & the education establishment. Formative assessment is assessment throughout the course. The aim of this is to provide feedback to the learner in order that the learner can improve their performance throughout the course in order that they can achieve the maximum grades. As Petty. G. 2004 states† for this to be effective the students should be given a medal which would be achieved by being given positive feedback about an area of their work. The mission is information about what needs improving this should be approached in a constructive manner a mission could be a target for the next piece of work or highlighting areas for improvement on the current piece of work. † Formative assessment which I carry out is by verbal questioning throughout the lesson, often using follow up questions to check the students have acquired knowledge & are not just providing the answers without the reasons behind them. I carry out a lot of questioning at the end of my sessions after I have summarised as well at the start of the next session to confirm the learning points from the last lecture. I also write & give out written tests at the end of the session. Some of these will be short answer questions in order for me to gauge the depth of knowledge the student has about the subject some will require brief explanations . For example explain why it is dangerous to hold hot food below 63 degrees C. I feedback marks to the students, this can also assist me if a majority of students have got the answer wrong I can check their understanding of this area & review my teaching in of this topic area to ensure improved learning takes place next time. The principles of assessment are described by Wilson. L. 2009 with the acronym â€Å"CADET. †Consistency is the first principle all assessments should be at a level standard. The assessments should also be accessible to the learners. Assessments should be detailed & cover all parts of the curriculum & not vary away from it. Learners should have also have earnt their qualifications therefore the qualification will have real meaning & be valid. Finally all those who take part in the process must fully understand it & the desired outcomes thus the process should be transparent. I am aware that short answer question verbal & written do not reveal the depth of the learners knowledge as according to Bloom â€Å"information or a fact can be recalled to mind however the learner will not be able to do anything with the information this is known as shallow learning. † Deep learning according to Bloom is â€Å"to apply the fact to different situations, & to be able to discuss & argue around the fact/ information. † In order to ensure the learning is of a deep nature once the fact has been established secondary questions stating why or can you explain that can be used, this will assist you in assessing the depth of the learners knowledge as a result of your teaching. The same applies to written questions rather than asking what colour fire extinguisher is used on an hot oil fire , which just reveals shallow knowledge it is better to ask â€Å"Why does a yellow fire extinguisher work on a deep fat fire ? †This will cause the learner to reveal his depth of knowledge. I use observation as a form of assessment when I supervise the students who work alongside me in the college refectory. I provide them with feedback at the end of their session. I have also issued them with customer service logs for them to self assess their own performance, they write down how they have handled customer complaints or how they went that extra mile for the customer. I sign these logs off at the end of each session with my comments against their own self assessment. I also use simulation to assess them, I will act as a customer asking for a healthy option or stating I cannot eat garlic do the foods on display contain any garlic, in order to check their product knowledge of what they are serving. At the end of each session in the refectory the students receive a written assessment of their performance from me which they maintain as evidence in their work file. The criterion that I base their performance on is based around the summative assessment that they have to complete as part of their course. I have issued all students with a copy of these criteria in order that they can work on the keys areas of performance. I also feedback to them on areas of shortfall that on the formal assessment day may cause them to fail, in order that they are fully prepared for the assessment. For example if they are late , inappropriately dressed or use their mobile in the work situation. Summative assessment is more formal & is usually associated with tests & exams. The course I teach is a City & Guilds qualification. On completion of each area of the course there is a summative City & Guilds test that the students have to complete. These summative tests take different forms they can be short questions based on work place scenarios, production of a leaflet or an information package relating to the topic that students have just studied. Each assignment is graded by me in line with the City & guilds marking criteria . Samples of my marked work are checked by other tutors to ensure quality control & consistency in marking. City & Guilds also employ an external verifier who will check samples of students work which I have marked. The same principles apply to my practical assessments they are internally & externally verified . I have failed two students on one theory test as I could see from the answers that copying had occurred I was also able to recall that these two students were sitting next to each other. This backs up the comment â€Å"For assessment to work fairly all parties must play the game† Times Education Supplement 2001. I have also failed work on the grounds of plagiarism , I could tell from the language used & the overall standard of work compared to the student’s normal standard of work , that this piece of work was not his own. When marking work I always† comment on good practice first† as stated by Reece I & Walker. S. 2003, this will act as motivation for the student rather than starting on the areas that need improvement. In order to record students progress we have a large master sheet outside the office with all the students names on, a column that indicates the work has been completed & at what grade this means at a quick glance we can monitor how students are progressing as far as grades & completion of course work. We have over 60 students on the course there are 3 tutors including myself who are responsible for maintaining our own records for those we teach . Once we have marked, graded work & fed back to the learners it is placed in a central filing cabinet, where each learner has his own file, which can then be accessed by internal & external verifiers Differentiation should also be taken into account when conducting assessments. I have several students in my group with learning difficulties. There is one who due to literacy issues has difficulty in understanding questions, so when there is a written test I read the questions to him & explain the outcome that the question requires from him. I also plan my questions according to the learner’s abilities using the stretching questions for those students who have a higher academic ability. Other forms of assessment that apply to the teacher are self assessment & peer assessment. During in my time at the college I have already had one peer assessment from my teaching coach. The college also requires you to organise a peer assessment with a teacher from a different vocational area I have organised mine with someone from the finance department. This practice is designed so you can pick up good teaching practice from another area of the college & see the methods used to teach other subjects. I also carry out self evaluations on my sessions in order that I can carry good practice forward & review areas of lessons that did not work, this is very important in my first year of teaching as I am learning a lot on my feet in the classroom. The students have a self assessment exercise within their course. They are asked to work in teams to produce a set menu in the restaurant then write their own critic of how they performed & what their contribution was & how this could be improved. This critique will be marked by the tutor who was present when the practical exercise took place. In summary comprehensive assessment initial, summative & formative is essential throughout the learner’s journey. Students are assessed for a number of reasons which include motivation, to create learning opportunities, to give feedback and to grade from an internal & external point of view. Reference List Reece. I. & Walker. S. (2003) Teaching Training & Learning, 5th Edition, Business Education Publishers, Sunderland,p317 Rage . P. (2001) Times Higher Educational Supplement 2,000 Tips for Lecturers,Routledge, Oxon, p117 Petty. (2004), Teaching Today, 3rd edition, Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham p Wilson. L. (2009),Practical Teaching a guide to PTLLS & DTLLS, Cenage Learning Hampshire.